Turkmenistan's population of about 3.8 million has a majority of Sunni Muslim Turkmen (72%), with small minorities of Russians (9%) and Uzbeks (9%). Turkmenistan has been able to avoid both domestic and international ethnic conflicts. Its foreign policy defines ethnic Turkmen peoples living in other nations as citizens of those nations. This defuses a potential source of tension with the governments of Iran and Turkey in particular, since those countries have Turkmen minorities. Furthermore, Turkmenistan defines itself as a secular nation, hoping to avoid conflicts based on religious ideology.
Turkmenistan is increasing its economic ties with other Islamic nations, particularly Iran and Turkey, who have been competing with each other for cultural and economic influence in Central Asia. Vast untapped natural resources (particularly oil and natural gas) are the basis for other nations' interests in the economic development of Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan hopes to build its infrastructure through cooperation with its neighbors.
The nuclear power plant mentioned in one of the articles below is under construction in northern Iran, 50 kilometers from the border of Turkmenistan, in an earthquake-prone area. It is being built by Russians under contract to the Iranian government. Thus ecologists opposed to it may be seen as a threat to Turkmenistan's policy of cooperation with its two most powerful neighbors.
Turkmenistan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Currently, 15,000 Russian troops in Turkmenistan ensure Russian access to the area as well as maintaining the borders with Iran and Afghanistan.
Although there are mountains in its southern and eastern border regions, much of the land area of Turkmenistan is the Kara Kum Desert. The Amu Darya river flows through Turkmenistan's northern area before running north into the Aral Sea. Irrigation canals draining water from the Amu Darya have been used to promote large-scale cotton growing for over two decades. More recently, in a national drive toward self- sufficiency, new lands are being plowed and irrigated in an effort to grow grain. Since this region is very arid, increasing soil salinity and nitrite-laden dust from dried canal and river beds have become major ecological and health problems, just as in Uzbekistan. Unfortunately, since agriculture is still a largely government-run enterprise, expression of environmental concerns can involve criticism of government development policies.
(Sources: David T. Twining, The New Eurasia. London: Praeger, 1993; 'Russia and the Near Abroad: A Teddy bear, After All?' The Economist, December 10, 1994).
Closer to home, the KGB recently took notice of my efforts to gather public support to combat a planned atomic energy complex in Iran. They spoke very respectfully but firmly about the fact that such activity is not correct. We are hoping to organize this effort now primarily from Russia.
This article was originally published in ECOSTAN News, Volume 2/10, October 1, 1994. Reprinted by permission of the author and also of ECOSTAN News, 219 North Avenue, Weston Massachusetts 02193
E-mail: esievers@igc.org and Almaty, Kazakhstan E-mail: ecoalmati@glas.apc.org
Communication costs in Turkmenistan recently went through the roof. A one minute international call now costs the equivalent of between two and ten dollars. Given that half of Turkmenistan's citizens have relatives in the West or in other former Soviet republics, this increase now effectively separates families; average monthly wages are equivalent to only about two or three minutes of conversation. It is now much cheaper to visit overseas than to call.
The ecological quality of agricultural products has actually improved in Turkmenistan over the past two years. Chemical fertilizers and agrochemicals have become too expensive for popular use.
In his latest speech, President Saparmurat [Niyazov] Turkmen-bashi declared that Ogurchinsky Island in the Caspian Sea should become Turkmenistan's principal resort. At the present time, the island is a nature reserve in which several hundred endangered djeiran live.
More good news. Cholera and other dangerous infectious diseases, including AIDS, are outlawed on the territory of Sovereign Turkmenistan. Medical information and statistics are classified and doctors are forced to sign a commitment not to release information. We confirmed that in Tagta-Bazar in August and September there were about fifty cases of cholera, some of them fatal.
While a quarantine was imposed on the village, in the press there was not one word about the event. It's possible that the WHO (World Health Organization) was not informed about this cholera outbreak in Turkmenistan.
The school year has now begun in Turkmenistan and students are memorizing oaths to Turkmenistan: 'For the smallest evil I cause to you, cut off my hand. For the smallest insult against you, take away my tongue. In the hour I betray your holy standard, stop my breath.'
Folk culture has birthed a somewhat different variant of this oath, one closer to the vital realities of life: 'If I receive a paycheck for June, cut off my hand . . . .'
Older schoolchildren and their teachers are preparing to 'voluntarily' travel to agricultural sites to gather cotton. Open protests against this forced labor have not been voiced, and those wishing not to participate bribe doctors for certificates of bad health.
This article was originally published in
ECOSTAN News, Volume 2/10, October 1,
1994. Reprinted by permission of the author
and also of ECOSTAN News, 219 North
Avenue, Weston Massachusetts 02193
E-mail: esievers@igc.org and Almaty,
Kazakhstan
E-mail: ecoalmati@glas.apc.org
After seven years as the head of one of the six regional offices of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Ed Shoener resigned in October 1994. Changes in the state political climate, personal frustration, and eagerness to become more active in international environmental decisions, all played a role in his decision. Ed Shoener had earned a reputation as an environmental advocate and a fair and honest administrator. Members of NGOs throughout Ed's district were distressed at the news of his resignation, and wondered why such a young and popular public official would give up a secure job for an uncertain future. ECOLOGIA Newsletter interviewed Ed Shoener in an attempt to understand how he has related his personal commitments and his professional work, and also to put his career in the broader context of the relationship between environmental advocacy, enforcement agencies, political pressure and the power of industry.
The turning point in Ed's career came in 1987, with the election of a new Governor of Pennsylvania (Bob Casey). Casey, a fellow Scranton native, had campaigned heavily on an environmental platform. Governor Casey had appointed a well-respected environmental advocate, Art Davis, as the new head of the State Department of Environmental Resources. Encouraged, Ed simply telephoned Davis' office and asked to be appointed to the newly vacated position of Director of the regional environmental protection office of his home area. Ed had the scientific and technical qualifications for the job, and he had environmental regulatory experience. He had no political connections or obligations and, in his own words, was 'someone who could support aggressive environmental policies for all the right reasons.'
As an agency of the executive branch of the state government, the Department of Environmental Resources has the job of enforcing laws. Their actions have to be within the framework of laws voted upon and passed by the legislature. The D.E.R. draws up regulations, and has branches which monitor, inspect and enforce compliance with the laws. The state agency employs a total of 4,000 people, divided into a variety of branches: Management and Technical Services (laboratories), Air and Water Management (set broad policies for air pollution, radiation and waste management), Waste Management (water pollution and dams, drinking water, erosion control), Mineral Resources Management (handling oil and gas well-drilling permits), Parks and Forestry (managing the state forests, state parks, and timber industry) and Field Operations. Field Operations involves 75% of DER employees, the great majority of whom work in six regional field offices. They do inspections, evaluate permit applications for building projects which would have an environmental impact, and frequently take violators to court to enforce their judgments and their penalties.
In 1987, Ed Shoener was not aware that he was walking into a highly controversial position as the Director of the large (230 staff members) Wilkes-Barre Regional D.E.R. Office. This particular office had over the preceding years developed a reputation for inefficiency, corruption, and indifference or hostility to the public. It was also widely viewed as an advocate for large waste industries. Local Northeastern Pennsylvania environ-mentalists were bitter and distrustful toward the state environmental agency which did not enforce its own regulations and did not give fair hearings or responses to citizen complaints.
Ed Shoener's main message as he departed from his job is that effective government depends on the citizens. A regulatory agency trying to do a good job needs the support of citizens who value its efforts. This citizen support is necessary to counter the pressures which regulators receive from industries who hire full time lobbyists and contribute heavily to politicians' campaign funds. Politicians usually would not back D.E.R. enforcement efforts without citizen support. From his experience as an 'insider', Ed comments that 'a well organized and well-educated citizens' group can have a significant impact. They can create a public uproar. They have more influence than they think they do; they can get an environmental issue into the newspaper. To create a perceived public uproar, they really only need a handful of people.'
By giving support to citizens by being accessible to them, Ed Shoener gained support for some of his actions which opposed powerful corporations and their political backers.
As Director of the regional D.E.R., Ed most enjoyed public meetings in which he worked with all sides involved in an environmental problem to reach consensus on a solution. His favorite case was in Hometown, Pennsylvania where a gasoline leak from a corner gas station was polluting local wells. He personally handled the case from start to finish, and despite a number of conflicts, 'all were friends at the end'.
By temperament Ed most enjoys working to reach consensus. When he was able to achieve this, with strong public and NGO support for enforcement of environmentally sound regulations, he found his job very rewarding. However, as an enforcement official he was involved in many confrontations. Ed did not fully realize how much pressure he was under, as a consensus-seeking environmental advocate in a government administrative job, until he had left. The pressures extended into his personal life: because someone in his position needed to be viewed as impartial, he wouldn't socialize with people he worked with, people he regulated, or people in environmental citizens' groups.
Ed Shoener found that in practice, however, the judges could be influenced by pressure from politicians, by public opinion or by media coverage of public protests. Even telephone calls from powerful politicians could sometimes sway a judge's ruling. This undercuts the whole democratic concept of separation of powers in which the judiciary is supposed to be above political pressures, ruling only on the legal merits of a case.
Ed's greatest personal disappointment in his position as D.E.R. Regional Director, and his most angering case, was also his greatest environmental defeat. It involved a request by a local landfill to accept incinerator ash. The state's original policy had been that every truckload of incinerator ash to be dumped in a municipal landfill was required to meet state standards for toxic heavy metals. But the policy was reversed at the state level because so many truckloads were failing the test. Inspectors were ordered to take small samples from each truck (about 100 trucks a week) and average them out over a three month period. Under the new system, the D.E.R. inspectors were powerless to bar a highly contaminated truckload of incinerator ash.
Ed Shoener's regional D.E.R. office was trying to protect the ground water of the Scranton area from toxic incinerator ash. However, they were undercut by political pressure applied by waste industries to the regulators in the state capital. Ed's attempts to stop the policy reversal failed; his inspectors were ordered to allow the contaminated ash into the Scranton landfill. This incident demonstrated to Ed that he had accomplished as much as he could in the current political climate. Several months later, he submitted his resignation from the Director's position.
He was leaving with his personal standards intact, aware that he would lose his energy and his effectiveness in the changing political atmosphere which was becoming increasingly hostile to environmental concerns. On the state level, the 1994 governor's campaign was revealing that neither of the candidates would be a strong environmental advocate. Thus political support for strong environmental enforcement was diminishing. On the general public level as well, environmental issues seemed of less concern than crime and the economy.
Ed found that his international contacts helped him in his work here in the United States. He particularly remembers a discussion in 1990 about ways that governmental officials with environmental concerns could enlist support for strong policies. A Lithuanian who was the regional director of a state environmental agency said that in specific situations when his agency's attempts to enforce environmental safety were opposed by special interests, he would ask for support by picking up the phone and call citizens' groups. Ed said that before this conversation, it had never occurred to him to do this. He started making this type of phone call himself to enlist citizen support at times when his enforcement efforts were challenged by political pressures.
Ed's plans for the future involve environmental consulting. As he puts it, 'Good consultants can work wonders; bad consultants can do a lot of damage. I want to combine expertise and ethics. . .. A regulator is like a traffic cop, but a consultant is part of actually doing the work.' In addition to working for a local consulting company, Ed is starting an international consulting joint venture with several Lithuanians who also have backgrounds which combine environmental advocacy and government regulatory experience.
Ed Shoener is a member of the ECOLOGIA Board of Directors. He is a partner in ECO U.S. Inc., Clarks Summit, Pennsylvania / Rian Inc. based in Vilnius, Lithuania.